Nov 12, 2019 these findings illustrate how predators can counter the plant based resistance strategies of specialized insect herbivores. Plant breeding can be defined as an art and science and technology of improving the genetic make up of plants in relation to their economic use for the man kind. Department of entomology university ofcalifornia riverside. Genes for insect resistance from various sources 3. Overview of the methods for control of plant pathogens and pests. Chapter 14 plant breeding breeding for resistance to. The genetic basis of plant resistanc e was elucidated b y h. Identifying plant material resistant to insects the first step in breeding insect resistant plants is the identification of plant material that contains resistance genes against the pest insect. Successful commercial plant breeding concerns were founded from the late 19th century. Early farmers discovered that some crop plants could be artificially mated or crosspollinated to increase yields. Plant tolerance and plant resistance are ways that plants deal with stressors in their environment. The important characters that lead to pest resistance are. Definition, aim, objectives and scope of plant breeding definition.
Oct 17, 2017 mihm ja 1985 breeding for host plant resistance to maize stem borers. Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. During plant domestication, some important features of plant resistance may be inadvertantly removed by. At the most basic level, the difference between tolerance and resistance is related to how the plant defends itself. Plant disease resistance protects plants from pathogens in two ways. Pdf development of eggplant varietal resistance to. The first gene to be successfully transferred to another plant species resulting in enhanced insect resistance was isolated from cowpea and encoded the trypsintrypsin inhibitor cpti. Insect resistance in host crop plants may be due to morphological, biochemical or physiological characteristics. It is a purposeful manipulation of plants to create desired plant types that are better suited for cultivation, give better yield and are disease resistant. The place and methods of breeding for insect resistance in. Plant breeding is a method of altering the genetic pattern of plants to increase their value and utility for human welfare. Plant resistance to insects is not density dependent, whereas biological control is. Nov 28, 2017 insect pests are usually controlled using insecticides, but the increasing occurrence of insecticide. If commercial crop varieties are selected as a source of donor, pure line selection, mass selection, or hybridization with elite germplasm is done for improvement.
What breeding methods are used for developing insect resistant cultivars. This book isintended for use in advanced courses on host plant resistance or by researchers actively involved in plant breeding for pest and disease. Rather than finding insects to attack the pests, breeders look for genetic traits or combinations of traits that reduce an organisms susceptibility to attack or. Host plant resistance for insect control in some important crop plants. Neet bio plant breeding for developing resistance to.
Resistance to barley ymv has been introduced into susceptible breeding lines by haploid breeding, medium late. Download pdf plant breeding for pest and disease resistance. Crops are required to be disease, resistant, as a wide range of fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens that affect the yield of cultivated crop species, especially in. Breeding for resistance to diseases and insect pests principles of. In techniques of scoring for resistance to the major insect pests of maize edited by singh, j. Prebreeding tomato for optimized acylsugarmediated insect. Pdf development of eggplant varietal resistance to insects.
The following breeding methods are used for developing insect resistant cultivars. Plant resistance to arthropods molecular and conventional approaches synthesizes new information about the environmental advantages of plant resistance, transgenic resistance, the molecular. The farmers have to use resistant varieties for growing the crops and plant breeders need to develop resistant genotypes using various sources as described earlier. Plant breeding for developing resistance to insect pests. Screening techniques for determining resistance the most crucial and, perhaps, the most difficult task in breeding for insect resistance is the identification of. Lecture 16 host plant resistance definition types and. A fundamental component of ipm radcliffes ipm world textbook hostplant resistance hpr to insect pests is considered one of the key tactics for insect control, particularly in developing countries where utilization of other control methods. Insects attack all the crop plants and lead to considerable losses in yield as well as quality. Breeding f or resistance to insects present s some difficult ies. It results from insect plant coevolution and is crucial for their coexistence. Resisting the plant defense metabolites likely allows the nematodes to infect and kill the western corn rootworm more efficiently. This has been particularly dramatic in cotton, where the use of bt varieties has been integral to campaigns to eradicate major pests such as the pink bollworm from cotton.
These findings illustrate how predators can counter the plant based resistance strategies of specialized insect herbivores. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to more complex molecular techniques. Pdf advances in breeding for resistance to insects researchgate. It results from insectplant coevolution and is crucial for their coexistence. Breeding or engineering biological control agents that resist plant defense metabolites may improve their capacity to kill important agricultural pests such as the western corn rootworm. Cotton is attacked by more than 160 species of insects of these a dozen are major pests. Plant resistance to insect pests has advantages over other direct control tactics. Based on evolutionary concept sympatric resistance. Breeding plants or animals for resistance to insects is really just another form of biological pest control.
Start studying chapter 14 plant breeding breeding for resistance to diseases and insect pests. Transgenic plants for insect resistance sciencedirect. Resistance and tolerance are plants best defense mechanisms. Plant resistance is a classical and proven alternative crop protection strategy that is the basic tool of integrated pest management. Plant breeding for insect resistance like disease, insects are important causal factors of biotic stress in crop plants. Crops are required to be disease, resistant, as a wide range of fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens that affect the yield of cultivated crop species, especially in tropical climates. Prebreeding tomato for optimized acylsugarmediated insect resistance martha mutschler1, darlene dejong1, john smeda2, taylor anderson1, diane ullman3 1 plant breeding and genetics section, sips, cornell university 2 formerly plant breeding and genetics section, cornell university. This article describes the growing interest in breeding insectresistant plants, especially using the newer techniques of genetic engineering. Basics of insect resistance to in plant breeding morphological factors hairiness cotton and beans, color red versus green cabbage, solid stem wheat stem sawfly toughness of tissues cotton physiological factors osmotic concentrations, gummy exudates biochemical factors high silica content in rice stem borer, benzyl alcohol in wheat and barley. During plant domestication, some important features of plant resistance may be inadvertantly removed by the breeders, increasing their susceptibility. Insect resistant corn and cotton have been credited with reducing the amount of chemical insecticides applied worldwide to those crops by 6. Plant breeding is an art and science, which tells us ways and means to change the genetic architecture of plants so as to attain a particular objective. Plant resistance to insects is a natural phenomenon based on plant selfdefense mechanisms. It also provides an overview of the fascinating field of insectplant relationships, which is fundamental to the study of hostplant resistance to insects.
Specific irm strategies, such as the high dosestructured refuge strategy, will mitigate insect resistance to specific bt proteins produced in corn, cotton, and potatoes. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Conventional plant breeding has been going on for hundreds of years, and is still commonly used today. These have gained importance and, in some cases, produced. Breeding for resistance to diseases and insect pests. Screening techniques for determining resistance the most crucial and, perhaps, the most difficult task in breeding for insect resistance is the identification of insect resistant plant during segregation generations. Through these techniques, plant breeders have been able to produce cultivars of agriculturally significant plants with genes for resistance to many diseases that were not possible before the advent of dna. Many of these sweetpotato genotypes have high levels of resistance to soil insect pests, and they may be useful as sources of insect resistance for use in sweetpotato breeding programs. Dec 22, 2015 combining vertical and horizontal resistance it is tempting to think that combining vertical resistance and horizontal resistance will provide the best of two worlds in the protection of plants. During sporulation, insecticidal protein crystals called bt toxins were produced by this grampositive. Mihm ja 1985 breeding for host plant resistance to maize stem borers. It also provides an overview of the fascinating field of insect plant relationships, which is fundamental to the study of host plant resistance to insects.
We show that entomopathogenic nematodes that are exposed to the western corn rootworm, an important agricultural pest that sequesters defense metabolites. Host plant resistance to insects in integrated pest. This video describes about plant breeding for developing resistance to insect pest. The protein is an effective antimetabolite against a range of field and storage pests 1. In crop plants, various disorders caused by pathogens are called disease. Environmental factors influencing the magnitude and expression of resistance.
In the case of tolerance, the plant has strategies that helps it to. In crop plants such as 1 reduction in plant growth or stunting. The donor source of resistance and the selection of certain progenies are two important factors of breeding methods to be considered while developing insect resistant plants. Breeding insect resistant crops for sustainable agriculture. Breeding programs for host plant resistance exist for alfalfa. Aug 16, 2012 biological and economic effects of plant pathogens and pests. Breeding systems for resistance breeding for resistance in specific crops. The changes of plant characteristics in breeding programme have positive, negative or neutral effect on insects. Genetic engineering and insect resistance showket a dar, amir b wani and ajaz a kandoo. Genetic engineering of plants for insect resistance. However, insect resistance with bt presents a particular challenge due to the requirements for managing the deployment of the technology in terms of avoiding insect resistance.
In this article we will discuss about the methods of plant breeding for disease and pest resistance. Conventional breeding for insect resistance has, in general, lagged behind disease resistance however, there is germplasm with resistance to insectpests, including faw breeding for insectpest resistance requires good knowledge of the biology of the host as well as the pest effectiveness depends upon. Let us say a plant breeder observes a particularly good habit in a plant, but with poor flower color, and in another plant of the same type he sees good color but poor habit. Plant breeding is the art and science of improving the heredity of plants for the benefit of.
Marker assisted selection in comparison to conventional. Introduction to biotechnology regulation for pesticides. Breeding for insect resistance linkedin slideshare. Many of the crops widely grown today stem from a very narrow genetic base. Ten genotypes had significantly less insect injury than picadito, a commercial boniatotype sweetpotato grown extensively in southern florida. Meristem tip culture can be used to produce virus free plants.
Breeding for resistance to disease and insect pestsbiotic. The attention pri now receives in extension publications is also. Breeding for disease and insect resistance crops plant. Everything you need to need about breeding for disease and insect resistance. It is concluded that the recent developments in biotechnology demonstrate that bt is merely the beginning of a.
Acquired by coevolution of plant and insect gene for gene. Certain adapted insect herbivores utilize plant toxins for selfdefense against their own enemies. Insect pests are usually controlled using insecticides, but the increasing occurrence of insecticide. The insect resistance in host crop plants may be due to the morphological, biochemical or physiological characteristics. Index sn lecture page no lec 01 aims and objectives of plant breeding 15 lec 02 modes of reproduction 610 lec 03 apomixis classification and significance in plant breeding 1116 lec 04 modes of pollination 1721 lec 05 classification of plants 2224 lec 06 botanical description and floral biology 2529 lec 07 maize zea mays 2n 20 3033. The erosion of horizontal resistance while breeding for race specific vertical resistance is called the vertifolia effect after the potato cultivar. Relative to a susceptible plant, disease resistance is the reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant and hence a reduction of disease, while the term disease tolerance describes plants that exhibit little disease damage. Types of genetic host resistance and their breeding approaches. Biological and economic effects of plant pathogens and pests. For example, plant resistance to insects is compatible with insecticide use, while biological control is not. Wiley, new york, 286 p smith cm 2005 plant resistance to arthropods. Development of eggplant varietal resistance to insects and diseases via plant breeding. Bt irm is of great importance because of the threat insect resistance poses to the future use of bt microbial pesticides and bt plant incorporated protectants.
Plant resistance is specific, only affecting the target pest. The first transgenic crop plants showing insect resistance were grown commercially with modification of the cry gene isolated from b. All india coordinated maize improvement project, iari, new delhi. Haploid production has been used for introduction of disease resistance into the cultivars. Breeding for insect resistance most important because many crops are affected by insects. Mechanisms of defense in plants against pathogens and pests. Characteristics which enable a plant to evade, tolerate or recover from the attacks of insects, under conditions that would re sult in greater injury to other plants. Breeding for resistance to insect pests in maize springerlink. Some success has been achieved towards this aim using conventional plant breeding techniques and in vitro techniques.
Insects and diseases are important constraints to rice production, and breeding pestresistant rice cultivars is one of the. Breeding or engineering biological control agents that resist plant. The breeding for insect resistance is most important because many crops in india are affected by various insects. Plant breeding definition, methods, steps and videos.
Many of the alleles confering insect resistance are recessive, and management strategies have focused on ensuring that a sufficient number of susceptible insects are. These adaptations structure ecosystems and limit our capacity to use biological control agents to manage specialized agricultural pests. These findings illustrate how predators can counter the plantbased resistance strategies of specialized insect herbivores. It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals. Breeding for host plant resistance nc state university.
Various disease causing organisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses and mycoplasma refer to pathogen. Insect resistance in sweetpotato plant introduction accessions. Plant defense resistance in natural enemies of a specialist. For example, resistance to jassids in cotton and cereal leaf beetle in wheat. Resistance incorporated in a variety against different environmental stresses like insects, diseases, nematodes, heat, drought, cold, etc. Definition, aim, objectives and scope of plant breeding. Often such genes are present in landraces of the crop or in wild relatives of the crop species. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to methods that make use of knowledge of.
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